news item

NEWS ITEM News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. Generic structure of news item : 1. Newsworthy events 2. Backround events 3. Source The text above is anews item in written form. It’s purpose is to inform the readers about event of the day which are considered newswort or important. The structure of this text type is : 1. Newsworthy event(s) : recont(s) the event(s) in a summary form. 2. Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances. 3. Source : comments by participant, in witness to and autorities expert on the event. Language feature of news item 1. Using action verbs 2. Using saying verbs 3. Using passive sentence • There are some rules that an help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible. • The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of ‘’be’’. • It is unusual to find complex fprms, generally the simple prent form id used. • The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out. • To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive. • Headlines are not alwasy complete sentences.

Modals in the past form

Modals in the past form This is topic about modals in the past form, pengen lebih tau, CliCk Here ! Modals in the past form 1. Could + Verb base • To offer suggestions or possibilities Example: Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts. Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts. Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English. Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you. • To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now. Example: Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree? Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it. Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger? Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster. • To express polite requests Example: * Could I borrow your pencil (please)? * Could you lend me your jacket now? * Could you please close the door? * Could you pass the salt? 2. Would + Verb base • For an action that was repeated regularly in the past Example: * When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend. * On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing. • Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences Example: Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home? Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home. Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit? Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia. • To express polite requests Example: Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena? Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice. Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary? Mary : No problem. 3. Should + Verb base • To give definite advice (advisability) Example: Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you? Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible. Kevin : Yes, I know I should. • To express the subject’s obligation or duty: Example: * You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend) * They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow. * Application should be sent before March 25th. 4. Might + Verb base • To tell possibilities Example: Nick : Where is Joe? Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella. • To express polite requests Example: Demi : Might I borrow your coat? Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

narative text

ini nih materi yang udah kita nahs pada semester 1, tapi masih di bahas. karena materinya beda, yang ini lebih mengena lah. coba aja liat. Click here now ! is a text which contains a story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution. The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem. Generic Structures: • Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where) • Complication (a problem arises followed by other problem) • Resolution (solution to the problem) Language features: • The use of noun phrases (a beautiful princess, a huge temple) • The use of connectives (first, before that, then, finally) • The use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago) • The use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village) • The use o action verbs (walk, sleep, wake up) • The use of saying verbs (tell, say, ask) • The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses (she felt hungry, she thought she was clever, she smelt something burning) Example of Narrative Text The Myth of Malin Kundang A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang’s father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother. Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town. One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone. Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her “Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!” After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness. Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail. In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.

Invitation

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

There are two types of invitation:

1. Formal Invitation

Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

2. Informal Invitation

Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

Example of Informal Invitation

How to write an invitation

Step 1

before you write an invitation; decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.

Step 2

Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.

Step 3

Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'

Step 4

Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.

Step 5

Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.

R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Step 6

Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.

Step 7

Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.

Example of invitation:

1. Wedding invitation

2. Birthday invitation

3. Baby shower

4. Dinner invitation

Introductory It

Introductory It

heyyy..

visitor my blog, sekarang saya akan  membahas tentang bagaimana penggunaan it. Then letak it itu macam-macam, ada yang di depan, tengah, dan belakang. For details, see here

 

Introductory It

A: To get the best score is hard.

B: It is hard to get the best score.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory it. A and B the same thing, but the sentence B is more common mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

When the subject is clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying “That he was once a communist is true,” we say,” It is true that he was once a communist.”

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear, and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or clause.

It looked doubtful whether she would come.

It seemed strange that she should behave like that.

It seems possible that he may quit the job.

It appeared unwise to offend him.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.

Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?

I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.

Who was it that broke the window?

It is Peter who broke the window.

When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying “To find fault with others is easy”, we say “It is easy to find the fault with others.”

When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying “Your trying to deceive us is no good,” we may say “It is no good your trying to deceive us

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, and CONGRATULATION

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, and CONGRATULATION

A : Thank you for your help

B : You're welcome or no problem.

pernah gak sih mendengar kalimat ini atau mengatakannya langsung, tentu donk...

tapi apa kalian tau, ini digolongan kalimat apa ?

klo tak tau, yuk tengook lagi kesini, biar tau apa yang dimaksud dengan dialog diatas.

click here now... !

• GRATITUDE

Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.

Kind of grantitude expression are :

Expressing Grantitude Responding

Thank you very much, You’re welcome.

Thank you for your help. No big deal.

I’m very grateful to you. It’s a pleasure.

How can I thanks you? Don’t mention it.

I can’t thank you enough. That’s all right.

I’m very much obliged to you. Any time.

I should like to express my grantitude. It was the least I could do.

• COMPLIMENT

Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing :

 What a nice dress.

 You look great.

 You look very nice.

 Fabtastic/Marvalous !

 Good job!/Excellent work

 You’re really the best!

 You look fabulous!

Time to express compliment ;

 On his/her general appearance.

 If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.

 When you visit someone’s house for the frist time.

 When other people do their best.

• CONGRATULATION

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone whwn get a success.

Expressing :

• Let me congratulate you

• Congratulation on you successful business.

• My congratulations on your success.

• Congratulations on your promotion.

• Good !

• That’s great !

• How fortunate.

Responding :

• Thanks you.

• Thanks, i needed that.

• That’s very kind of you.

• It’s very kind of you to say that.

• Do you really think so ?

• You’ve my made my day!

• I’m glad you like it.

Finite Verbs

Finite verb

Finite verb

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.

• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went

• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.

Example of finite verb :

• I study, she cook, Anto went

• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.

• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking

Definition of non-finite verb :

a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.

Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.

This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).

Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)

I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive

to have + past participle

For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.

This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:

• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.

• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.

• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.

• He pretended to have seen the film.

• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

heiii... disini juga ad loh, materi tentang kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung.

gak hanya di pelajaran bahas Indonesia saja, di bahasa Inggris juga ada loh..

yuk tengok kesini materinya...

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Direct Speech

Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)

Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’...’’) and should be word for word.

B. Indirect Speech

Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

TENSE CHANGE

• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.

• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.

Present Simple

Past tense

Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.

Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.

Past Simple

Past Perfect

Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’

Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future Simple

Past Future

Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.

Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’

Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton.

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’

Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.

Descriptive Text

Definition and purpose of Descriptive Text 

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text has structure as below :

Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.

Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •

• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.

• Describe the most important person in your live.

• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verbs

3. Using passive voice

4. Using noun phrase

5. Using adverbial phrase

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text has structure as below :

Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.

Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •

• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.

• Describe the most important person in your live.

• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verbs

3. Using passive voice

4. Using noun phrase

5. Using adverbial phrase

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

Example

Description text of Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.

The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.

It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.

The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons

Asking If Someone Remembers Or Not

Asking if someone remembers or not

ini nih materi yang bertanya pada seseorang apakah dia ingat sesuatu tentang yang kita tanyakan. Example :

a :Do you remember where you put my scissors ?

Asking if someone remembers or not 

1. Formal expressions:

- I wonder if you remember.....

- You remember...., don’t you?

- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

- Don’t you remember.....?

- Do you happen to remember it now?

• Ways to respond:http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8250020700536643501

- Let me think, yes, I remember.

- I remember especially the scenery.

- I’ll never forget that

- I’ll always remember.

- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:

- Remember the old house we used to live in?

- Remember that?

- I’m sorry I don’t remember

• Ways to respond:

- Hold on. Yes, got it!

- I know.....

- It’s coming back to me now.

• Respond if you forget:

- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

- I’m afraid I forget.

- I really can’t remember.

- I’m afraid I have no memory of him

- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.

- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :

It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.

Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?

Tia : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry

Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?

Tia : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day !

Asking For Information

Asking for information

kita mungkin sering bertanya pada orang, tapi masih belum bisa sepenuhnya memakainyanya saat berbicara dengan bahasa inggris.liat deh disini,

just look here,

Asking for information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?

• Do you know...?

• Do you happen to know...?

• I'd like to know...

• Could you find out...?

• I'm interested in...

• I'm looking for..

This contruction asking for information

Construction

Formula Question Word Example Finish

Could you tell me when the next train leaves?

Do you know how much that vase costs?

Do you happen to know where Tom lives?

I'd like to know what you think about the new project.

Could you tell me when the next train leaves?

Could you find out when she is going to arrive?

Formula Gerund (-ing) Example Finish

I'm interested in buying a boat

Formula

Noun Example Finish

I'm looking for

information on holidays in Spain.

Formula used only on the telphone Question Word Example Finish

I'm calling to find out... if flight AZ098 will leave on time today.

Formula used only on the telphone Noun Example Finish

I'm calling about... the offer published in today's newspaper.

That this usage and examples of her dialogue asked, slightly different from the above construction.

1.question

[intransitive and transitive] to speak or write to someone in order to get an answer, information, or a solution:

'What's your name?' she asked.

Don't ask him - he won't know.

That kid's always asking awkward questions.

ask who/what/where etc

I asked him where he lived.

ask somebody something

We'll have to ask someone the way to the station.

ask somebody if/whether

Go and ask Tom whether he's coming tonight.

ask (somebody) about something

Visitors usually ask about the history of the castle.

ask around (=ask in a lot of places or ask a lot of people)

I'll ask around, see if I can find you a place to stay.

2.for help/advice etc

[intransitive and transitive] to make a request for help, advice, information etc:

If you need anything, you only have to ask.

ask somebody to do something

Ask John to mail those letters tomorrow.

ask to do something

Karen asked to see the doctor.

ask for

Some people find it difficult to ask for help.

ask somebody for something

He repeatedly asked Bailey for the report.

ask (somebody) if/whether you can do something

Ask your mom if you can come with us.

ask that

Was it too much to ask that he be allowed some privacy?

3.price

[transitive] to want a particular amount of money for something you are selling:

How much is he asking?

ask $50/$1,000 etc for something

He's asking £2,000 for his car.

They're asking a fortune for that house.

4.invite

[transitive usually + adverb/preposition] to invite someone to your home, to go out with you etc

ask somebody to do something

Let's ask them to have dinner with us some time.

ask somebody out (=ask someone, especially someone of the opposite sex, to go to a film, a restaurant etc with you)

Jerry's too scared to ask her out.

ask somebody in (=invite someone into your house, office etc)

Don't leave them standing on the doorstep - ask them in!

ask somebody over/round (=invite someone to come to your home)

We must ask our new neighbours over for a drink.

5.demand

[transitive] if you ask something of someone, you want them to do it for you:

It would be better if he cooperated, but perhaps I'm asking too much.

ask something of somebody

You have no right to ask anything of me.

Expecting the children to do an hour's homework after school is asking a lot of them.

6.be asking for trouble

to do something that is very likely to have a bad effect or result:

Saying that to a feminist is just asking for trouble.

7.ask yourself something

to think carefully and honestly about something:

You have to ask yourself where your responsibilities really lie.

8 spoken if you ask me

used to emphasize your own opinion:

He's just plain crazy, if you ask me.

9 spoken don't ask me

used to say you do not know the answer to something:

'Where's she gone then?' 'Don't ask me!'

10 spoken don't ask

used to say that something is too embarrassing or strange to explain:

'What was that woman selling?' 'Don't ask.'

11 spoken be asking for it

used to say that someone deserves something bad that happens to them:

It's his own fault he got hit - he was asking for it.

12 be somebody's for the asking

informal if something is yours for the asking, you can have it if you want it:

The job was hers for the asking.

MATERI SEMESTER
1.Invitation
2.Appointment
3.Happines Expression
4.Gaining Attention
5.simpathy Expression
6.Giving Instruction
7.Announcement
8.Recount Text
9.Narative Text
10.Prosedure Text
11.Past Tense
12.Present Tense
13.Greeting
14.Vocabs:shape,parts of body
15.Perfect tense:PPT
16.Advertisement
17.Prepositional Phpase



1.Invitation
Invitation:
An invitation is a request to somebody to so something or go somewhere
Invitation,we need to list the name of people invites,the event,time(day,date,hour),place,messega/additional information,as well as the name of the person who invite.
The are two types of invitation
 Fomal invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from institutes,companies and a kind of it,normally formal invitation is written invitation.
 Informal invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend,family,etc.Informal invitation can be writer invitation and verbal invitation.





2.Appointment

Appointment is the way of when we ware go or come to do something pleace invite comeone on more.

Example:
Making an appointment
• I do like to make an appointment with…
• I want to make an appointment to see…
• I do like to make an appointment to see…
• I do like you to come and see me…
• Can I come and see you?
Accepthing an appointment
• All right,see you there
• No problem,I’m free on
• Be there on time
• It’s a deal
Canceling anappointment
• I’m sorry,I very busy
• I’m terribly sorry I have to put off my appointment
• I’m afraid I have to putpore my appointment with tomorrow morning.


3.Happiness Expression
Expression happiness is the expression that use to show if we happy and pleasure.
Example:
• Fantastic
• I’m glad now
• I’m very happy
• Happy birthday
• Terrific
Example of happiness expression:
Agrani : hei,regina!today you’re happy what’s goin or?
Regina: yeah!you’re right.I’m happy.Cause I got good score!

4.Gaining Attention
Gaining attention is a way or expressionthat is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to that we want.
How to gaining attention?
• Attention,please
• Excuse me
• Look here
• Listen to me,please

5.Simphaty Expressions
Expression sympathy is the exprssions to extend if we care about some thing.
The purpose is the peoples will know if we care with them.The expression of sympathy expression can be devided into two parts.(informal and formal)
Example:
• I’m sorry to hear that
• I do to express my deepest condolences
• I’m awfully sorry about
• Oh…,dear…!!!
• Poor you!!!
• I know you felling
• You must be up set!!!

6).Giving Instructions
Giving instructions is an expressions for give or ask somebody to do something we want giving instructions some with imperetive sentences.

1).Command
a).Verb(+O)
ex : Watch out, come here
b).Please + V (+O)
ex : Please clean your room
c).V (+O) + Please
ex :Wash this towel, Please
2).Prohibitions
a).Don’t + V (+O)
ex : Don’t close it
b).Don’t + V (+O) + Please
ex : Don’t be noise, please
c).Would you mind, not + V –ing (+O)
3).Kinds of giving instructions
a).Verb 1
ex : Wash your hand eat your meal sit down.
b).Be + adjective
ex : Be your self...!!!!
Be a good student...!!!
Be strong.....!!!!
Be happy...!!!!

7.Announcement
Announcement is something that someone says officially,giving information that about something.
Example:
Announcement
Join us to:
English speech contest
November 10,2010
SMA Negeri 2 Palangka Raya
If you interested in,plase contact Rina
At the Students Association room

8.Recount text
Recount text a text which has social function to retell events for the purpose on or entertaining it means that you make recount text has following.
Generic Structur :
a).Orientation
- Provides the setting and introduces participants.
b).Events
- Tell, what happened, and what sequence
c).re – Orientation
- oplicnal closence events.

“ Example of recount text “
“ Exploring Space “
Before the telescope was invented, astronomy, consistend largely of measuning and predicting the positions of stars and planets observed by naked eye.
In 1609 a revolution began when galileo galilei used a telescope to repeat mountains on the moon, Jupiter, moon and count stars in thr milkyway.
Despite these amazing discoveries, however, for the next 250 years astronomy was predominanty devoded to measuring pastions and cataloging.

9.Narative text
Narative text is story,mostly are imaginary stories but sometimes narratives can be factual too.Naratives text is to tel something is the past.Narative indudes fairy storys,fables,mystery,science fictionsany romance and horror.
Narative text have three elements,there are:
• Orientation is sets the scene and participant.
• Complication is crisis arias.
• Resolution is indude the crisis resolved for the better for worse.
Likes Recoun test,narrative text using verb II,too.
Example:
The gooes that laid golden eggs

Once upon the time,there a happy family in a village.A man and his wife lived happily on a little farm,tending their flock of geese and selling their eggs at the market.There werw not rich but they were happy whit their life together.
Then one day a new goose flew in among their flock.The couple was surprised a shiny golden egg in her nest.Each and every day after that,the gooes laid another egg of solid gold.
The couple was soon richer than they had ever dreamed of,but they were not happy.they grew impatient with only one golden egg a day.the farmer said to his wife”our gooes must be full of golden.Why sould we wait to have more egg?”
“If we cut he open,”his wife agreed.We can get all the eggs at once.”So they killed the gooes! They were very suprisedto fineit was just like any other gooes insede.Even worse,there would never be any more golden eggs.

10.Procedure Text
Procedure text is the set of steps which should be comleted in the right sequence to get the goal.
The genericstructure of procedure has three principal component namely(1) The goal,(2) Materials and (3) steps.
A.Generic Structure of procedure
1. Goal :Title the text (especially for recipe).
2. Materials: Optinal,not for all procedure texts.
3. Steps : A series steps oriented to achieving the goal
B.Generic featurs
1. The use of simple present tense,often in a imperative from eg add some sugar,prepare it.
2. The use mainly of temporal conjunction(or numbering to indicate sequence especially in writer text).
C.As the sentence intoducers(sequencers) especially in spoker text:
First….firstly….
• Second….secondly
• Then….thirdly
• After that….afterwards
• Finally….lastly
e.g.firstly,prepare some water!
D.As time introduces,especially in the writer text
• ….before….
• After….
• When….
• While….
• ….until….
• During….
e.g While you are boiling the water,grind the chilies,onions,and salt.
Example:
Goal: How to boil an egg
Materials:
• Water
• Egg
• Salt
• Pepper powder
Steps:
1. First,heat a saucepan of on the stove.
2. Then put the egg in until it boiling water.
3. After that,heat it until minutes.
4. Next,cook it for there minutes
5. Don’t leave the egg until it gets burnt.
6. Now,the egg is ready to serve.
Finally,serve it pepper powder and salt.

11.Past tense
Simple past tense is used fordescribing actc.that have already been concluded and whose exact time of time occurrence is known.Furthermore,Simple past is used for retelling successive event.That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.
The pattern:
• (+) Subject + verb II + complement
Ex: I went to Banjamasin yesterday
• (-) Subject +did not +verb II + complement
Ex: I did not go any where last night
• (?) Did + subject + verb I ?
Ex: Did you go last night?

12. Present tense
Simple present tense is to express habits,general truchs,repeated action or unchanging situations,emosional,and wishes I smoke(habit),I work in London(unchanging situacition),London is a large city(general truth).
A.Verbal sentence
Affirmative form
• S + V 1 (-s/-es) + object
Ex: I buy some book
You write a story
We study English
They play football
Negatif from
• S+ do/does +not + V1 +object
Ex: They do no play football
He does no goes to school
Interogative from
• Do/does + S + V 1 + Object
Ex: Do you buy some book?
Does it rain very fast?

13.Greeting

Gretting is peace or greet often say to people.
Grettings are often,but now always,used just priorto a conservations.

Example of Grettings:
- Hello
- How do you do ?
- How are you ?
- Good morning
- Good afternoon
- Good day
- Good bye.....
“Short dialogue of grettings”
Nia : Good morning Ir....
Ira : Good morning,Nia...How are you ?
Nia : I’m very well,thanks.How’s everythink with you
Ir ?
Ira : Great.....!!!!

14.Vocabs: Shapes,parts of body
Definition shapes
Shapes are all geometrical information that remains when lacation,scales and rotation effects are filtered out from an object.

Parts of body:


15.Perfect tense
Perfect tens is a kin of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished till certain time in the past too: or that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The pattern :
• (+) S + had + verb III +complement
Ex: I’am had eaten before you come
• (-) S + had not +verb III+ complement
Ex: You had not eaten before I’am come
• (?) Had + S +verb III + complement + ?
Ex: Had you eaten before I’am come?

16.Advertisement
Advertisement : Information persuade and motivate people so thad attracted to service and things that affer. Function of advertisement :
a).Promotion
b).Communication
c).Information

We can find the advertisement on newspaper, tabloid magazine, radio, television, billboard, etc.
Kind of advertisement :
- Announcement advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Request advertisement
- Sponsor advertisement
- Article advertisement
- Offer advertisement

In making an advertisement keep the following points :
- The contets of advertisement must objective and
honest.
- Short and clean
- Doesn’t allude other group or producer.
- Use word that polite and logical.
- Attract attention.

17.Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase is a prepositional the noun following it.The prepositional is in head position and naun is the complement position.
 Prepositional + noun,pronoun,gerund,or cloused
Ex: at door
 Prepositional + modifier(s) + noun,pronoun,gerund,or cloused
Ex:in the weedy,overgrow garden.